No

The long answer: as the plug is a microphone connection, which is not available on the smartphone in this configuration, the microphone on the mobile cannot be used without an adapter. Don't be confused by the fact that the plug is a 3.5mm connection, which is also used for headphones and headsets - this is about the assignment of the channels/pole/sectors - the smartphone needs a TRRS plug to be able to receive a microphone signal at all (TRRS is the plug with 3 (black) rings). Whether the sound quality is better than the microphone in the smartphone naturally depends on the smartphone and what is to be recorded.