2m, and 2 pole they fit everywhere in Europe

I'm not sure how much power the "Raspis" need. The thing manages just 2.4A max. per port if you use several at the same time. Have a look at the specs below: https://www.anker.com/products/variant/powerport-speed-5-ports/A2054111 To be on the safe side, I wouldn't recommend it.

Plugged cable with Euro plug https://de.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurostecker (whether it is big, round or something else you have to decide...)

Plugged cable with Euro plug https://de.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurostecker

and/or the Anker PowerPort Atom PD 4

We haven't received the one with USB C yet, but that may still change :-) Aukey PA-Y5 (3A, 54W, Quick Charge 3.0) Here would be an alternative.

Apple does not know the technology it uses! With Power IQ, the charger checks how much power the connected device can receive and regulates the optimal amount of power a device can receive. Quick Charge is a standard for Snapdragon processors (Samsung with Exinos are not Quick Charge supported).

Oneplus does not have Quick Charge, but Dash Charge, where the quick charging electronics are built into the charger and not the phone, so it will be difficult to find a third-party manufacturer that offers this, except Oneplus.

Quickcharge 3.0

You can charge all devices normally at the Quick Charge port. They only receive the same amount of current as any other USB port. Only Quick Charge devices benefit from the higher current and faster charging time.

Yes, it has a Quick Charge connection and 4 normal

The iPhone does not have Quick Charge, which Apple calls Fast Charging. You need a power supply unit with at least 29W (should be sufficient here). The cable supplied should be sufficient as a connection cable. According to Apple, the power supply of the MacBook is recommended as well as a corresponding USB-C to Lightning cable, but this is more due to the connection of the power supply of the Macbook than the iPhone.